This paper offers a re-reading of the works of Umberto Eco, be they academic, journalistic or literary, with a pseudologic tone: his desire to investigate the mechanisms of lying, and their relation with fiction, falsification, error, secrecy, and conspiracy. The study will review some of his main academic texts in the fields of semiotics, rhetoric, and aesthetics, and will make some references to his recent novels and essay compilations, as well as offer an explanation of how the evolution of his (...) thoughts takes a pessimistic turn. The face of the lie, which initially was aesthetic consolation and consumerist delusion, and then a game of intelligence, a creative stimulus and an interpretive challenge, changes when serves the purpose of extortion, manipulation, and war. In short, it could be argued that Eco became increasingly disappointed by deceptions, and lost faith in fakes and forgeries. (shrink)

Las investigaciones que Carlos Alchourrón desarrolló en la Filosofía del Derecho se vincularon, desde inicios de la década de 1980, con problemáticas críticas de la Inteligencia Artificial. Su contribución a la construcción de una lógica de las normas se conectó rápidamente con la deducción automática y los Sistemas Expertos Jurídicos. Su preocupación por la cuestión de los conflictos de obligaciones que pueden plantearse en un sistema normativo cuando el juez se enfrenta a la necesidad de emitir un veredicto considerando ciertos (...) hechos, se vinculó, en sus trabajos, con la noción más general de "condicionales derrotables" y con la formalización del Razonamiento No Monótono. Pero su contribución de mayor impacto fue aquella derivada de la búsqueda de una solución al problema de los resultados múltiples que surgen de la derogación de una norma en un sistema jurídico, problema que puede ser visto, en un contexto epistémico, como el de la contracción de un conjunto de creencias. Su enfoque constructivo, que desarrolló con David Makinson, convergió con el axiomático elaborado por Peter Gärdenfors, dando lugar al surgimiento de la teoría de los Cambios Racionales de Creencias, más conocida como AGM, teoría que fue adoptada en IA como un modelo standard para la especificación de las actualizaciones de Bases de Conocimiento, operaciones que, habitualmente, involucran la introducción de una nueva creencia que puede ser inconsistente con las anteriores. ¿Por qué AGM adquirió rápidamente carta de ciudadanía en IA, al punto de que su influencia, medida según la cantidad de menciones bibliográficas del artículo fundacional de 1985, se ha duplicado en la última década? Mostraremos en este trabajo que la teoría apareció en un momento de crisis de la IA y que el alto nivel de abstracción del modelo de AGM era lo que muchos investigadores de la disciplina estaban buscando. El presente artículo, luego de describir la génesis de AGM, realiza un análisis histórico de las circunstancias en las cuales la teoría se introdujo en la IA y una evaluación cuantitativa y cualitativa de su impacto en dicha disciplina. The main lines of research that Carlos Alchourrón developed in the Philosophy of Law, were connected, from the beginnings of the 80' s, to some critical problems in the Artificial Intelligence. His contributions to the construction of a logic of norms were rapidly linked to automatic deduction and the Legal Expert Systems. His concerns for the conflict of obligations that could arise in a normative system when a judge has to issue a ruling taking some particular facts into account were associated in his work with the more general notion of "defeasible conditionals" and with the formalization of Non Monotonic Reasoning. But his most relevant contribution was the one derived from the search of a solution to the problem of multiple outcomes resulting from the derogation of a norm in a legal corpus, which may be considered -within an epistemic framework- analogous to the contraction of a set of beliefs. The constructive approach he worked out with David Makinson converged with Peter Gärdenfors' axiomatic, giving rise to the formulation of the theory of Rational Changes of Belief, which was adopted in AI as a model for the specification of the updates of Knowledge Bases as it usually involves a new belief that may be inconsistent with the old ones. (shrink)

This essay attempts to rethink the human sciences from the idea of ​​spirit proper to the peoples of the Amazon. To do this, I will give an account of contemporary Brazilian critical thinking, which assumes alterity and the environmental crisis as central axes of its reflections, to later articulate them to an idea of ​​human sciences that take as an object not the human, but the living.

Entrevista a Miguel Valderrama por Raúl Rodríguez Freire.

En este trabajo ofreceré argumentos para mantener que el entorno co-textual de una expresión configura su significado y también conforma su referente. Donde el referente es resultado de una actividad metalingüística cuya base se encuentra en las operaciones lingüísticas de condensación, síntesis y reificación, entre otras. Lo anterior implica que se puede mantener una teoría referencial sin la necesidad de asumir compromisos ontológicos tal como lo manifestaron Russell y especialmente W. V. Quine. Me valdré de la construcción nominal “la radiación (...) adaptativa” con el objetivo de responder a qué tipo de entidades se refiere esta expresión. Una respuesta parcial e incompleta a esta interrogante la encontramos en Quine por esta razón intentaré desarrollarla más recurriendo a la lingüística operacional y a la lingüística de texto. In this paper I will offer arguments to show that the co-textual environment of an expression configures its meaning and also conforms its referent. Where reference is a result of a metalinguistic activity which is based on linguistic operations of condensation, synthesis and reification, among others. The above implies that we can maintain a referential theory without the necessity to assume ontological commitments as they manifested especially Russell and WV Quine. I will use the nominal construction “la radiación adaptativa” in order to respond to what kind of entities is covered by this expression. A partial and incomplete answer to this question is found in Quine for this reason I will try to develop appealing to operational linguistics and textual linguistics. (shrink)

Se exponen las prácticas docentes de las educadoras de párvulos, que cumplen una función reproductora del nacionalismo que es internalizado en las niñas y niños como la ciudadanía chilena. Para ello, configuran un escenario lúdico que ritualiza la conducta cívica y patriótica, por medio de conmemoraciones cívicas fundadas en el belicismo de la guerra del Pacífico, sin considerar la realidad cosmopolita y de diversidad cultural presente en las aulas nortinas. A partir de esto, proponemos una nueva perspectiva respecto de la (...) realización de actos cívicos en la educación parvularia, para hacerlos más inclusivos y acordes a la realidad cultural de la región de Tarapacá, la más multicultural de Chile. This paper describes the teaching practices of pre-school teachers who play a reproductive role of nationalism internalized in children as Chilean citizenships. This happens as the result of a ludic scenario that ritualizes civic and patriotic conduct, through civic commemorations based on the Pacific war, regardless both the cosmopolitan reality and cultural diversity present in classrooms in the Northern part of Chile. Considering this, we propose a new perspective on conducting civic events in early childhood education, to make them more inclusive and consistent with the cultural reality of the region of Tarapacá, Chile's most multicultural region. (shrink)

The search for a systems‐level picture of metabolism as a web of molecular interactions provides a paradigmatic example of how the methods used to characterize a system can bias the interpretation of its functional meaning. Metabolic maps have been analyzed using novel techniques from network theory, revealing some non‐trivial, functionally relevant properties. These include a small‐world structure and hierarchical modularity. However, as discussed here, some of these properties might actually result from an inappropriate way of defining network interactions. Starting from (...) the so‐called bipartite organization of metabolism, where the two meaningful subsets (reactions and metabolites) are considered, most current works use only one of the subsets by means of so‐called graph projections. Unfortunately, projected graphs often ignore relevant biological and chemical constraints, thus leading to statistical artifacts. Some of these drawbacks and alternative approaches need to be properly addressed. (shrink)

El presente ensayo intenta repensar las ciencias humanas a partir de la idea de espíritu que manejan los pueblos de la Amazonía. Para ello, se dará cuenta del pensamiento crítico brasileño contemporáneo, que asume la alteridad y la crisis ambiental como ejes centrales de sus reflexiones, para luego articularlo a una idea de ciencias humanas que asuman como objeto no lo humano, sino lo viviente.

Historicismo y Marxismo. El Historicismo, Ludovico Geymonat y la disputa en torno al Marxismo como método o concepción de mundo.

Background: I suggest this individualized care is a fundamental principle closely linked to nursing ethics and has important benefits for the patients, however, nurses do not always take into consideration the principles of individualized care. Moreover, there is no validated instrument to assess patients’ views of individualized care in Spanish-speaking countries. Objectives: To assess the validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the Individualized Care Scale-patient. Design: A cross-sectional study design was conducted. A questionnaire survey, including the Individualized Care (...) Scale-patient, was used for data collection. Psychometric properties of reliability and validity were assessed. Fit indices of the overall model were computed. Participants and research context: Survey data were collected from a sample of 118 inpatients at a public hospital in Spain. Ethical considerations: Informed consent from participants and ethical approval was obtained from a regional Clinical Research Ethics Committee. Findings: Ordinal Cronbach’s alphas were 0.966 for Individualized Care Scale-patient subscale A and 0.969 for Individualized Care Scale-patient subscale B. The polychoric correlation between each item and the subscale ranged between 0.653–0.874 and 0.604–0.916, respectively. The exploratory factor analysis revealed a three-factor solution. Personal life situation explained relatively large amounts of the variance. Goodness of fit index showed a good fit for the model. Discussion: This study confirms three factors underlining the individualized care concept, but some differences were found in the load of the factors, such as the relevance of “personal life situation” subscale, that need further research. Conclusion: The Spanish version of the Individualized Care Scale-patient is reliable, valid, user-friendly, and suitable to be used in Spanish-speaking countries showing satisfactory properties. This instrument may help managers better understand and develop areas in which patients perceive lower individualized care received and the factors influencing it. Such key information will help ensure the right of the patient to be respected as an individual. (shrink)

Judo is a multifactorial sport where many variables or key performance indicators such as force-velocity profile, bioenergetic capacity, technical and tactical skills, and cognitive and emotional competence play a role and influence the final result. While there have been many academic studies of these variables, usually in isolation, none have examined KPIs holistically or analyzed their impact on strategic performance. The main objective of the present study, therefore, is to apply a novel and easily replicable methodology to identify and prioritize (...) the main KPIs affecting performance in professional judo. Such a methodology was applied to the High-Performance Judo Centre of Valencia, using a multi-criteria decision aid technique: the analytic network process. The ANP is used to identify and quantify cause and effect relationships not only between KPIs but also between KPIs and performance objectives. Further, the ANP offers effective results when there is a lack of historical KPI data, because it is based on experts' opinions and judgments. A judo expert group comprising elite judo coaches and half-lightweight male judokas applied the methodology to discriminate between the characteristics required when aiming to reach high-level strategic objectives. The JEG, which consisted of five elite judokas, national and international champions, and three Olympic coaches—including a former European champion and silver medalist in a world championship—provided high added value to the study. The main findings were that the KPIs that made the most difference were mostly psychological, specifically motivation, stress, and team cohesion. Of these, motivation was by far the most important KPI for success in our case study, so judokas should make sure that they analyze it properly. Motivation is usually intrinsic to the competitor and should be maintained at a high level, not only during tournaments but also during daily training and lifestyle activities. Physical and other specific forms of training, as well as lifestyle KPIs, are very important for the elite competitor but are not sufficient to reach high-level objectives. The most important of these KPIs were Kumi-Kata, dual career, focus and concentration level, scouting, nutrition, and basic technique. Power and strength were the most important physical KPIs. In general, these are essential for meeting strategic objectives, but they do not make the crucial difference. This suggests that professional psychological support should be provided in daily training and that international team composition and internships should be fostered. (shrink)

En el presente artículo nos proponemos realizar una comparación de la posición de D’Agostino con la de otro de los representantes del convencionalismo: William Morgan. A D’Agostino nos referiremos en el primer apartado y a Morgan en el segundo. Nos preguntaremos si Morgan, además de inscribir sus tesis dentro del convencionalismo, participa al mismo tiempo de la concepción internalista del deporte. Aunque uno y otro autor son convencionalistas, existen matices muy distintos entre sus posiciones que caben ser resaltadas, a fin (...) de clarificar su proximidad con otras teorías filosófico-deportivas. In this paper we propose a comparison of the position of D’Agostino with other rpresentatives of convention: Wilüam Morgan. We refer to D’Agostino’s position in the first section and in the second section to Morgan ’s. We ask whether Morgan, moreover of register his thesis within the Conventionalism, participaos also of the internaüst conception of sport. Although both authors are conventionalists, there are many different shades that fit between their positions be highüghted, in order to clarify its proximity to other phihsophical theories of port. (shrink)

This study explores the rationality behind firms’ decision to admit or deny their involvement in bribery when responding to confidential surveys conducted by international agencies. Specifically, we posit that firms’ reluctance to provide accurate information about their engagement in bribery is at least to some extent contingent on certain situational factors. In other words, we claim that this behavior is context dependent. The paper uses the notions provided by the theory of planned behavior to understand the way in which the (...) corruption of the legal environment, the intensity of market competition, and identification risk influence firms’ decision to lie about their involvement in bribery. To test these notions, we use databases from the fifth wave of the EBRD-World Bank Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey, country-level data from the Kauffman Foundation and macroeconomic information from the World Bank database. We run ordinary least squares with geographic region-clustered standard errors on data from 30 countries and 6122 individual firms during the period 2012–2013. Consistent with our expectations, the results indicate that firms operating within more corrupt legal environments, facing more competition, and bearing a higher risk of being identified are less likely to deny their involvement in bribery. We conclude that not all firms have the same incentives to lie about their participation in bribery, and therefore, identifying the drivers of this heterogeneity may help policymakers better assess the reliability of bribery information collected through confidential surveys. (shrink)

While there is significant consensus that undergraduate medical education should include bioethics training, there is widespread debate about how to teach bioethics to medical students. Educators disagree about course methods and approaches, the topics that should be covered, and the effectiveness and metrics for UME ethics training. One issue that has received scant attention is the timing of bioethics education during medical training. The existing literature suggests that most medical ethics education occurs in the pre-clinical years. Follow-up studies indicate that (...) medical students in their clinical rotations have little recall or ability to apply ethics concepts that were learned in their pre-clinical training. Trainees also report a desire for medical ethics to be taught in the context of practical application, which would suggest that the timing of pre-clinical ethics education is flawed. However, moving bioethics training to the clinical years should not be assumed to be the solution to the problems of recall and theory application. We argue that the effectiveness of timing bioethics education will depend on when medical students witness or experience particular categories of ethical dilemmas during their training. Our overarching hypothesis is that ethics education will be most effective when the bioethics training on a particular topic correlates to experiential exposure to that ethical issue. The purpose of our current study was to describe medical students exposure to particular categories of ethical conflicts, dilemmas, or issues. Our results may help bioethics educators better strategize about the most effective timing of medical ethics training in UME. (shrink)

El objetivo de este artículo consiste en abordar algunos argumentos de la filosofía de J. Rancière relacionados con la necesidad de repensar el comunismo. La hipótesis de trabajo insiste en señalar que Rancière no defiende ningún proyecto comunista. Esto al menos por tres razones: no hay igualdad de las inteligencias, el comunista funge como profesor explicador en aras de concientizar a los embrutecidos, el comunismo pertenece a una temporalidad histórica teleológica, lo que a su vez supone un aplazamiento de la (...) emancipación. Finalmente, cerramos este diálogo con las posibilidades presentes de esta otra forma de concebir la igualdad y la emancipación. (shrink)

El ensimismamiento como categoría antropológica depura la opinión y establece la diferencia entre el hombre y los demás animales. A partir de la obra Ensimismamiento y alteración de Ortega y Gasset, este artículo centra la atención en el ensimismamiento como camino que conduce al sí mismo, a habitar la propia intimidad, a descifrar la auténtica vocación, crear, intervenir y curar las circunstancias, dotándolas de sentido y de significado.

Elaboramos una versión del disposicionalismo experimental que esclarece la relación entre capacidades y leyes fenomenológicas. Tras algunas consideraciones introductorias, presentamos el disposicionalismo experimental en vistas de las nociones de modalidad física y ambiente de estímulo. Trazamos las líneas generales para una epistemología experimentalista de las capacidades y esclarecemos la modalidad física e invariancia de las leyes fenomenológicas. Luego examinamos las generalizaciones físicas y extrapolaciones de las leyes fenomenológicas y exponemos el caso de la ley de Fresnel, que ilustra aspectos de (...) nuestro argumento. Concluimos con algunas consideraciones sobre los límites del disposicionalismo experimental. (shrink)

En este artículo se examina la propuesta de R. Axelrod acerca de cómo emerge y se hace estable la cooperación en un modelo de Dilema del Prisionero reiterado, con la estrategia Toma y Daca y con jugadores egoístas racionales. Se demuestra que esta estrategia es efectiva para la cooperación si los jugadores ganan, o al menos si no pierden con su cooperación. Esto tiene como consecuencia una alteración del orden de pagos típico del Dilema del Prisionero, por lo que se (...) mantiene que la cooperación entre egoístas racionales en términos de Toma y Daca es posible porque los jugadores no están en un Dilema del Prisionero. La estructura de su situación se encuentra mejor representada por otros juegos (reiterados). (shrink)

En el libro Teorías sin disciplina, los teóricos Santiago Castro-Gómez, Alberto Moreiras y Walter Mignolo, cuestionan los discursos producidos sobre América Latina desde la academia estadounidense y latinoamericana, notablemente influida por la visión del país del norte. Postulan la necesidad de producir nuevos discursos vinculados con lo local y lo diverso en respuesta al impulso homogeneizador globalizante vigente en la actualidad. Aquí, presentamos un recuento de las reflexiones de estos teóricos y las ponemos en diálogo con la obra literaria del (...) Elicura Chihuailaf titulada Recado confidencial a los chilenos. El objetivo de este artículo es evidenciar el carácter poscolonial y posoccidental de una obra literaria que es en sí misma un forma de resistencia y de oposición a esa homogenización discursiva de la identidad latinoamericana que, desde la occidentalización y la permanencia del pensamiento colonial, ha imperado por largo tiempo en los estudios latinoamericanistas. (shrink)

Previous research suggests that free will beliefs and moral responsibility beliefs are strongly linked, yet ultimately distinct. Unfortunately, the most common measure of free will beliefs, the free will subscale (FWS) of the Free Will and Determinism Plus, seems to confound free will beliefs and moral responsibility beliefs. Thus, the present research (1,700 participants across two studies) details the development of a 2-factor FWS – the FWS-II – that divides the FWS into a free will subscale and a moral responsibility (...) subscale. The FWS-II showed good fit compared to standard fit thresholds and superior fit compared to the original FWS. The moral responsibility subscale was moderately correlated with general punitive attitudes and specific punitive assignments, even when controlling for the free will subscale. Conversely, the free will subscale was moderately correlated with conservativism and religiosity, even when controlling for the moral responsibility subscale. These results provide evidence that the FWS is better suited – psychometrically, theoretically, and practically – as a 2-factor measure of free will beliefs and moral responsibility beliefs than as a 1-factor measure of free will beliefs. (shrink)

En este escrito se presentan las bases de una estrategia pragmática, contextualista e inferencialista para articular una teoría que dé cuenta de los grados de justificación de nuestras aserciones. Se arguye que hay contextos de emisión de aserciones configurados con ciertos criterios inferenciales, los cuales responden a propósitos prácticos o teóricos, y conforman, en consecuencia, diferentes estándares de justificación en esos contextos. Finalmente, a partir de una caracterización de tipos de proposiciones, inferencias, compromisos asertivos y esquemas de justificación, se muestra (...) cómo determinar el grado de justificación alto, medio o bajo de una aserción con respecto a un contexto de emisión de aserciones dado. (shrink)